FCS CAT-1: Complete 240 MCQ Question Bank

Fundamentals of Computer Science · Unit 1

FCS CAT-1 — Complete 240 MCQ Question Bank

Covers computer fundamentals, generations, Von Neumann and Harvard architecture, CPU registers, system buses, memory, storage, and Linux commands/practicals.

Total Questions: 240
Format: Four-option MCQs with answers and explanations
Source: Encompasses every single MCQ shared by Sunil Sir, reinforced with an exhaustive compilation of all other possible questions synthesized directly from official FCS PPTs and available online sources.

Fundamentals — 30 questions
Generations — 20 questions
Architecture — 38 questions
CPU & Buses — 20 questions
Memory — 40 questions
Storage — 30 questions
Linux — 62 questions

Question Bank Quick Navigator

Category	Thematic Focus	Question Range	Topics Covered
Category 1	Fundamentals	Q1 – Q30	Characteristics, applications, computer types (micro, server, mainframe, supercomputer), input/output & 3D printing
Category 2	Generations	Q31 – Q50	1st to 5th generations (Vacuum Tubes, Transistors, ICs, VLSI, ULSI/AI), timeline & milestone computers
Category 3	Architecture	Q51 – Q88	Stored-program concept, Von Neumann components, instruction cycle (Fetch-Decode-Execute), bottleneck, Harvard architecture
Category 4	CPU & Buses	Q89 – Q108	CPU registers (PC, IR, MAR, ACC, SP, FLAGS), System Buses (Data, Address, Control), memory controller
Category 5	Memory	Q109 – Q148	Units (bit, nibble, byte, KB-ZB), hierarchy, Cache (L1/L2/L3), RAM (SRAM flip-flop vs DRAM capacitor), ROM types
Category 6	Storage	Q149 – Q178	HDD (platters, spindle, actuator arm), SSD (NAND flash, SATA vs NVMe), Flash media (SD, USB), Optical discs (CD, Blu-ray)
Category 7	Linux & Practicals	Q179 – Q240	Basic shell commands, permissions, system calls (fork, exec, wait, sbrk), practical file tasks, GCC & Makefiles

Fundamentals

Characteristics & applications

Q1. Which characteristic means a computer produces correct results when the input and instructions are correct?

(a) Diligence
(b) High accuracy
(c) Versatility
(d) Automation

Step-by-Step Solution:

Accuracy is the ability to perform calculations and processing with very few errors.

Correct Option: (b)

Q2. A computer can repeat the same task for hours without becoming tired or losing concentration. This characteristic is called:

(a) Diligence
(b) Storage
(c) Intelligence
(d) Portability

Step-by-Step Solution:

Diligence means a computer does not suffer from tiredness, boredom, or loss of concentration.

Correct Option: (a)

Q3. The ability of a computer to perform many different kinds of tasks is known as:

(a) Speed
(b) Versatility
(c) Reliability
(d) Memory

Step-by-Step Solution:

Versatility allows the same computer to be used for education, banking, design, entertainment, and many other tasks.

Correct Option: (b)

Q4. Which statement about a computer is correct?

(a) It has natural intelligence
(b) It makes independent decisions without instructions
(c) It follows programmed instructions
(d) It never requires data

Step-by-Step Solution:

A computer works according to supplied data and instructions; it does not possess natural intelligence.

Correct Option: (c)

Q5. Which is an application of computers in education?

(a) Online learning
(b) Magnetic storage
(c) Machine language
(d) Vacuum-tube cooling

Step-by-Step Solution:

Online classes, digital content, simulations, and assessments are education applications.

Correct Option: (a)

Q6. Which computer application is most directly associated with healthcare?

(a) Medical imaging
(b) Payroll processing
(c) Architectural drafting
(d) Stock trading

Step-by-Step Solution:

Medical imaging is a major healthcare use of computer systems.

Correct Option: (a)

Q7. CAD and CAM are most closely associated with:

(a) Manufacturing and engineering design
(b) Online banking only
(c) Weather forecasting only
(d) Email communication

Step-by-Step Solution:

CAD supports design and CAM supports computer-aided manufacturing.

Correct Option: (a)

Q8. An industrial engineer mainly focuses on:

(a) Designing only buildings
(b) Integrated systems involving people, materials, and equipment
(c) Writing operating systems only
(d) Repairing printers

Step-by-Step Solution:

Industrial engineering improves integrated systems that combine people, materials, equipment, and processes.

Correct Option: (b)

Q9. Which software is used for simulation in industrial engineering?

(a) Arena Simulation
(b) Microsoft Paint
(c) VLC Media Player
(d) Notepad

Step-by-Step Solution:

Arena, SIMUL8, and FlexSim are simulation tools named in the notes.

Correct Option: (a)

Q10. Architectural engineering commonly uses which pair of software tools?

(a) AutoCAD and Autodesk Revit
(b) Arena and FlexSim
(c) GCC and Make
(d) COBOL and FORTRAN

Step-by-Step Solution:

AutoCAD and Revit support 2D/3D drawings and building design.

Correct Option: (a)

Q11. Which type of computer is designed mainly for one user?

(a) Mainframe
(b) Microcomputer
(c) Minicomputer
(d) Server

Step-by-Step Solution:

A personal computer or microcomputer is intended primarily for a single user.

Correct Option: (b)

Q12. Which system provides resources or services to other computers over a network?

(a) Workstation
(b) Server
(c) Supercomputer
(d) Calculator

Step-by-Step Solution:

A server provides network services and resources to clients.

Correct Option: (b)

Q13. Which computer is best suited to extremely complex scientific and engineering calculations?

(a) Microcomputer
(b) Minicomputer
(c) Supercomputer
(d) Office workstation

Step-by-Step Solution:

Supercomputers provide the highest processing performance for specialised calculations.

Correct Option: (c)

Q14. A high-performance single-user computer for professional applications is a:

(a) Workstation
(b) Mainframe
(c) Server
(d) Minicomputer

Step-by-Step Solution:

Workstations are powerful systems aimed at technical and professional users.

Correct Option: (a)

Q15. Which computer type is designed for high-volume processing for hundreds or thousands of users?

(a) Mainframe
(b) Microcomputer
(c) Notebook
(d) Tablet

Step-by-Step Solution:

Mainframes handle large-scale, high-volume data and transaction processing.

Correct Option: (a)

Input, output & devices

Q16. An input device converts user input into:

(a) A digital form acceptable to the computer
(b) A permanent printed page only
(c) A magnetic platter
(d) A network server

Step-by-Step Solution:

Input devices translate data and control signals into a form the system can process.

Correct Option: (a)

Q17. Which is an input device?

(a) Scanner
(b) Projector
(c) Speaker
(d) Printer

Step-by-Step Solution:

A scanner captures physical content as digital input.

Correct Option: (a)

Q18. Which flow correctly represents input processing?

(a) Input data → Main Memory/RAM → CPU
(b) CPU → Keyboard → RAM
(c) Printer → CPU → Mouse
(d) Output → Input → Shutdown

Step-by-Step Solution:

Input is placed in main memory so the CPU can process it.

Correct Option: (a)

Q19. Which technology can help a visually impaired user enter text?

(a) Braille keyboard
(b) Blu-ray reader
(c) Laser printer
(d) HDD platter

Step-by-Step Solution:

Braille keyboards are accessibility-focused input devices.

Correct Option: (a)

Q20. Google Voice Search is an example of:

(a) Voice input
(b) Optical storage
(c) Printed output
(d) Secondary memory

Step-by-Step Solution:

Spoken words are captured as input.

Correct Option: (a)

Q21. An output device converts computer data into:

(a) A human-understandable form
(b) Only machine code
(c) A memory address
(d) A new instruction register

Step-by-Step Solution:

Output devices present processed information to people.

Correct Option: (a)

Q22. Which is an output device?

(a) Projector
(b) Keyboard
(c) Scanner
(d) Touch input sensor

Step-by-Step Solution:

A projector visually presents computer output.

Correct Option: (a)

Q23. Which output device supports visually challenged users?

(a) Braille display monitor
(b) Magnetic tape
(c) Actuator arm
(d) Program Counter

Step-by-Step Solution:

A Braille display produces tactile output.

Correct Option: (a)

Q24. Which set contains only printer types named in the PPT?

(a) Inkjet, Laserjet, Dot matrix
(b) NVMe, SATA, PCIe
(c) SRAM, DRAM, ROM
(d) PROM, EPROM, EEPROM

Step-by-Step Solution:

Inkjet, laser, and dot-matrix are the listed printer types.

Correct Option: (a)

Q25. A 3D printer produces:

(a) A physical replica of a digital 3D design
(b) Only a two-dimensional monitor image
(c) A memory address
(d) A network protocol

Step-by-Step Solution:

3D printers build physical objects from digital models.

Correct Option: (a)

Q26. Which is an application of 3D printing mentioned in the notes?

(a) Manufacturing prototypes
(b) Increasing RAM refresh rate
(c) Creating CPU flags
(d) Replacing the data bus

Step-by-Step Solution:

Prototype manufacturing and medical exploration are listed applications.

Correct Option: (a)

Q27. Which computer type typically supports about 10–100 users in the PPT comparison?

(a) Minicomputer
(b) Microcomputer
(c) Workstation
(d) Notebook

Step-by-Step Solution:

A minicomputer is a mid-range multi-user system.

Correct Option: (a)

Q28. Which item is NOT one of the six computer types listed?

(a) Quantum computer
(b) Server
(c) Workstation
(d) Mainframe

Step-by-Step Solution:

The six are microcomputer, minicomputer, server, workstation, mainframe, and supercomputer.

Correct Option: (a)

Q29. For permanent future storage, data and instructions are placed in:

(a) Secondary memory
(b) Only CPU registers
(c) Only cache
(d) The ALU

Step-by-Step Solution:

Secondary storage retains data for later use.

Correct Option: (a)

Q30. The CPU is commonly called the:

(a) Brain of the computer
(b) Permanent file cabinet
(c) Input keyboard
(d) Optical platter

Step-by-Step Solution:

The CPU or processor performs the system's actual processing.

Correct Option: (a)

Generations

Computer generations

Q31. The first generation of computers used:

(a) Transistors
(b) Vacuum tubes
(c) Integrated circuits
(d) Microprocessors

Step-by-Step Solution:

First-generation computers used vacuum tubes.

Correct Option: (b)

Q32. The first generation of computers is generally dated:

(a) 1946–1959
(b) 1959–1965
(c) 1965–1971
(d) 1971–1980

Step-by-Step Solution:

The master notes use 1946–1959 for the first generation.

Correct Option: (a)

Q33. Which language was mainly used by first-generation computers?

(a) Java
(b) Machine language
(c) C++
(d) PASCAL

Step-by-Step Solution:

First-generation machines were programmed primarily in machine code.

Correct Option: (b)

Q34. Which is an example of a first-generation computer?

(a) IBM 360
(b) ENIAC
(c) PDP 11
(d) CRAY-1

Step-by-Step Solution:

ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM-701, and IBM-750 are listed first-generation examples.

Correct Option: (b)

Q35. Which was a major disadvantage of first-generation computers?

(a) They generated a lot of heat
(b) They were too portable
(c) They consumed almost no power
(d) They used high-level languages only

Step-by-Step Solution:

Vacuum tubes generated considerable heat and consumed large amounts of electricity.

Correct Option: (a)

Q36. The second generation of computers used:

(a) Vacuum tubes
(b) Transistors
(c) VLSI
(d) ULSI

Step-by-Step Solution:

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation.

Correct Option: (b)

Q37. The second generation is generally dated:

(a) 1946–1959
(b) 1959–1965
(c) 1965–1971
(d) 1980 onwards

Step-by-Step Solution:

The notes use 1959–1965 for the second generation.

Correct Option: (b)

Q38. Which pair of high-level languages is associated with the second generation?

(a) FORTRAN and COBOL
(b) Java and Python
(c) HTML and CSS
(d) C and C++ only

Step-by-Step Solution:

FORTRAN and COBOL were used alongside assembly language.

Correct Option: (a)

Q39. Second-generation primary memory commonly used:

(a) Magnetic cores
(b) NAND flash
(c) Optical discs
(d) Cloud storage

Step-by-Step Solution:

Magnetic-core memory was used as primary memory.

Correct Option: (a)

Q40. Which is a second-generation example?

(a) CDC 1604
(b) ENIAC
(c) IBM-360
(d) CRAY-X-MP

Step-by-Step Solution:

CDC 1604 is listed with IBM 1620, IBM 7094, and UNIVAC 1108.

Correct Option: (a)

Q41. The third generation of computers was based on:

(a) Transistors
(b) Integrated Circuits
(c) VLSI microprocessors
(d) ULSI only

Step-by-Step Solution:

Integrated Circuits define the third generation.

Correct Option: (b)

Q42. Who is mentioned as the inventor of the Integrated Circuit?

(a) John von Neumann
(b) Jack Kilby
(c) Charles Babbage
(d) Dennis Ritchie

Step-by-Step Solution:

Jack Kilby is named as the IC inventor in the notes.

Correct Option: (b)

Q43. Which operating-system concept became important in the third generation?

(a) Time-sharing
(b) No operating system
(c) Manual switching only
(d) Punch-card storage only

Step-by-Step Solution:

Remote processing, time-sharing, and multiprogramming are associated with the third generation.

Correct Option: (a)

Q44. Which is a third-generation example?

(a) IBM-360 series
(b) UNIVAC 1108
(c) DEC 10
(d) IBM-701

Step-by-Step Solution:

IBM-360 series is a third-generation example.

Correct Option: (a)

Q45. The fourth generation was driven by:

(a) Vacuum tubes
(b) Magnetic cores
(c) VLSI microprocessors
(d) Mechanical relays

Step-by-Step Solution:

Very Large Scale Integration enabled fourth-generation microprocessors.

Correct Option: (c)

Q46. VLSI stands for:

(a) Very Large Scale Integration
(b) Variable Logic System Interface
(c) Virtual Large Storage Input
(d) Very Low Signal Integration

Step-by-Step Solution:

VLSI means Very Large Scale Integration.

Correct Option: (a)

Q47. Which revolution is strongly associated with fourth-generation computers?

(a) Personal Computer revolution
(b) Punch-card revolution
(c) Vacuum-tube revolution
(d) Mechanical calculator revolution

Step-by-Step Solution:

Microprocessors enabled small, affordable personal computers.

Correct Option: (a)

Q48. Which language is associated with the fourth generation in the notes?

(a) C
(b) Machine code only
(c) Binary punch code only
(d) None

Step-by-Step Solution:

C, C++, and DBASE are named for the fourth generation.

Correct Option: (a)

Q49. Fifth-generation computers use:

(a) ULSI and AI
(b) Vacuum tubes
(c) Transistors only
(d) Magnetic cores only

Step-by-Step Solution:

Fifth-generation systems are associated with ULSI, parallel processing, and AI.

Correct Option: (a)

Q50. Which sequence correctly shows the core technologies of the five generations?

(a) Vacuum Tube → Transistor → IC → VLSI → ULSI/AI
(b) Transistor → Vacuum Tube → VLSI → IC → AI
(c) IC → Vacuum Tube → Transistor → ULSI → VLSI
(d) Vacuum Tube → IC → Transistor → ULSI → VLSI

Step-by-Step Solution:

This is the exact generation sequence to memorise.

Correct Option: (a)

Architecture

Von Neumann Architecture

Q51. The Von Neumann architecture was proposed by:

(a) Charles Babbage
(b) John von Neumann
(c) Alan Turing
(d) Dennis Ritchie

Step-by-Step Solution:

John von Neumann proposed the stored-program architecture.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (b)

Q52. The Von Neumann architecture uses a common memory for:

(a) Only data
(b) Only instructions
(c) Instructions and data
(d) Only output

Step-by-Step Solution:

Instructions and data share the same memory.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (c)

Q53. The main processing unit in a computer is the:

(a) RAM
(b) CPU
(c) Hard disk
(d) Keyboard

Step-by-Step Solution:

The CPU performs the main processing work.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (b)

Q54. CPU stands for:

(a) Central Processing Unit
(b) Computer Processing Utility
(c) Central Program Unit
(d) Computer Program Unit

Step-by-Step Solution:

CPU stands for Central Processing Unit.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (a)

Q55. The ALU performs:

(a) Input operations
(b) Arithmetic and logical operations
(c) Printing operations
(d) Storage operations only

Step-by-Step Solution:

The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (b)

Q56. The Control Unit mainly:

(a) Stores files permanently
(b) Controls and coordinates computer operations
(c) Displays output
(d) Performs only addition

Step-by-Step Solution:

The CU directs and coordinates system operations.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (b)

Q57. Which component stores instructions and data in Von Neumann architecture?

(a) Memory
(b) Monitor
(c) Keyboard
(d) Printer

Step-by-Step Solution:

The common memory stores both instructions and data.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (a)

Q58. Which unit is used to enter data into a computer?

(a) Output unit
(b) Input unit
(c) ALU
(d) Control unit

Step-by-Step Solution:

The input unit accepts data and instructions.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (b)

Q59. Which unit displays or produces processed results?

(a) Input unit
(b) Memory unit
(c) Output unit
(d) Control unit

Step-by-Step Solution:

The output unit presents the processed result.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (c)

Q60. A CPU generally contains:

(a) ALU and Control Unit
(b) Keyboard and Mouse
(c) Monitor and Printer
(d) Hard disk and SSD

Step-by-Step Solution:

ALU and CU are the CPU's principal functional components.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (a)

Q61. In Von Neumann architecture, instructions are normally executed:

(a) Randomly
(b) Sequentially
(c) Only simultaneously
(d) Without memory

Step-by-Step Solution:

Instructions normally follow a sequential fetch-decode-execute process.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (b)

Q62. The first step in the instruction cycle is generally:

(a) Execute
(b) Decode
(c) Fetch
(d) Store

Step-by-Step Solution:

The instruction must first be fetched from memory.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (c)

Q63. During the fetch step, the CPU:

(a) Gets an instruction from memory
(b) Prints the result
(c) Deletes the instruction
(d) Turns off the computer

Step-by-Step Solution:

Fetch retrieves the next instruction from memory.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (a)

Q64. During decoding, the CPU determines:

(a) The monitor size
(b) The operation specified by the instruction
(c) The keyboard type
(d) The storage capacity

Step-by-Step Solution:

Decode identifies the operation and the required operands.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (b)

Q65. During execution, the CPU:

(a) Performs the required operation
(b) Only fetches data
(c) Only stores instructions
(d) Turns off memory

Step-by-Step Solution:

Execution carries out the decoded instruction.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (a)

Q66. Which register usually holds the address of the next instruction?

(a) Accumulator
(b) Program Counter
(c) Instruction Register
(d) Memory Data Register

Step-by-Step Solution:

The PC holds the address of the next instruction.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (b)

Q67. The Instruction Register stores:

(a) The current instruction
(b) The next memory address only
(c) Output data permanently
(d) User passwords

Step-by-Step Solution:

The IR holds the instruction currently being decoded or executed.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (a)

Q68. Which component connects the CPU and memory for transferring information?

(a) System bus
(b) Keyboard
(c) Monitor
(d) Printer

Step-by-Step Solution:

The system bus connects the CPU, memory, and other components.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (a)

Q69. The three basic types of buses are:

(a) Input, Output, Memory
(b) Data, Address, Control
(c) RAM, ROM, Cache
(d) ALU, CU, Register

Step-by-Step Solution:

The system bus comprises data, address, and control buses.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (b)

Q70. One major feature of Von Neumann architecture is:

(a) Separate memory for instructions and data
(b) Shared memory for instructions and data
(c) No CPU
(d) No memory

Step-by-Step Solution:

It uses shared memory and a common path for program instructions and data.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (b)

Q71. A processor repeatedly spends significant time transferring instructions and data through the same memory path. This situation is most closely associated with:

(a) Harvard architecture
(b) Von Neumann architecture
(c) Distributed architecture
(d) Parallel architecture

Step-by-Step Solution:

The shared path is a defining feature and source of the Von Neumann bottleneck.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (b)

Q72. A program contains an instruction stored at memory location 500. The Program Counter contains 500 before the fetch operation. After fetching the instruction, the PC will normally:

(a) Remain permanently at 500
(b) Point to the next instruction
(c) Store the instruction itself
(d) Store the execution result

Step-by-Step Solution:

After a fetch, the PC normally advances to the next instruction address.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (b)

Q73. Consider the sequence: Fetch → Decode → Execute. The primary purpose of the decode stage is to:

(a) Transfer the final result to output
(b) Identify the operation and required operands
(c) Increase the memory capacity
(d) Permanently store the program

Step-by-Step Solution:

The control unit interprets the instruction during decoding.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (b)

Q74. A Von Neumann system has one memory containing both instructions and data. If the CPU needs to fetch an instruction while simultaneously accessing data through the same memory interface, the main limitation is:

(a) Lack of ALU
(b) Von Neumann bottleneck
(c) Lack of input devices
(d) Absence of registers

Step-by-Step Solution:

One shared interface limits simultaneous instruction and data transfer.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (b)

Q75. Which sequence correctly represents the basic instruction cycle?

(a) Execute → Fetch → Decode
(b) Decode → Execute → Fetch
(c) Fetch → Decode → Execute
(d) Fetch → Execute → Decode

Step-by-Step Solution:

The basic order is Fetch, Decode, Execute.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (c)

Q76. An instruction requires data from memory before execution. Which sequence best represents the operation?

(a) Fetch instruction → Decode → Fetch required data → Execute
(b) Execute → Decode → Fetch instruction
(c) Decode → Output → Fetch instruction
(d) Fetch data → Delete instruction → Execute

Step-by-Step Solution:

The CPU fetches and decodes the instruction, obtains required operands, and then executes.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (a)

Q77. Suppose the CPU has fetched an instruction from memory and placed it in the Instruction Register. The next major step is:

(a) Changing the Program Counter into the ALU
(b) Decoding the instruction
(c) Sending the instruction directly to the printer
(d) Clearing the memory

Step-by-Step Solution:

Once loaded into the IR, the instruction is decoded.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (b)

Q78. A computer uses a single memory space for both program instructions and user data. A program attempts to modify a value stored in its instruction area. This behavior is possible in the basic Von Neumann model because:

(a) Instructions and data use separate memories
(b) Instructions and data share the same memory
(c) CPU has no control unit
(d) ALU permanently stores programs

Step-by-Step Solution:

A single shared memory stores both categories as binary values.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (b)

Q79. Which statement best explains the Von Neumann bottleneck?

(a) CPU cannot perform arithmetic operations
(b) Limited communication bandwidth between CPU and shared memory can restrict performance
(c) RAM cannot store instructions
(d) Input devices operate slower than printers

Step-by-Step Solution:

The common CPU-memory path can limit throughput.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (b)

Q80. A processor improves performance by using cache memory close to the CPU while retaining the Von Neumann model. The main purpose of the cache is to:

(a) Eliminate the need for instructions
(b) Reduce the average time required to access frequently used instructions and data
(c) Replace the ALU
(d) Separate all instructions from data permanently

Step-by-Step Solution:

Cache holds frequently used instructions and data nearer the CPU.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (b)

Harvard & block diagram

Q81. Which feature belongs to Harvard architecture?

(a) A single common bus for data and instructions
(b) Separate memories and buses for instructions and data
(c) No instruction memory
(d) No CPU registers

Step-by-Step Solution:

Harvard architecture separates instruction and data memory and buses.

Correct Option: (b)

Q82. Compared with Harvard architecture, Von Neumann architecture is generally:

(a) Cheaper because it uses a common memory path
(b) Unable to store programs
(c) Always faster in every task
(d) Used only in microcontrollers

Step-by-Step Solution:

The shared memory and bus make the Von Neumann design simpler and generally cheaper.

Correct Option: (a)

Q83. Which architecture allows instruction fetch and data access at the same time through separate buses?

(a) Von Neumann
(b) Harvard
(c) Batch
(d) Mainframe

Step-by-Step Solution:

Harvard's separate buses permit simultaneous instruction and data access.

Correct Option: (b)

Q84. Harvard architecture is commonly used in:

(a) Microcontrollers and signal processing
(b) Paper-tape machines only
(c) Printers only
(d) Keyboards only

Step-by-Step Solution:

The notes associate Harvard architecture with microcontrollers and signal-processing systems.

Correct Option: (a)

Q85. In the basic computer block diagram, which unit stands between input and output while performing processing?

(a) CPU
(b) Optical disc
(c) Printer
(d) Scanner

Step-by-Step Solution:

The CPU processes input and supplies results to output devices.

Correct Option: (a)

Q86. Which CPU component controls sequential execution and data flow?

(a) ALU
(b) Control Unit
(c) SSD
(d) Keyboard

Step-by-Step Solution:

The Control Unit fetches, decodes, and coordinates execution.

Correct Option: (b)

Q87. Which operation is NOT listed as a logic operation of the ALU?

(a) AND
(b) XOR
(c) Compare
(d) Print

Step-by-Step Solution:

Printing is an output operation, not an ALU logic operation.

Correct Option: (d)

Q88. Which complete cycle matches the notes?

(a) Fetch → Decode → Execute → Store → Repeat
(b) Store → Repeat → Fetch → Stop
(c) Decode → Print → Delete → Repeat
(d) Input → Output → Shutdown

Step-by-Step Solution:

The CPU repeatedly fetches, decodes, executes, and stores results.

Correct Option: (a)

CPU & Buses

Registers

Q89. Registers are best described as:

(a) Large permanent storage outside the CPU
(b) Small, extremely fast storage locations inside the CPU
(c) Slow optical storage
(d) Network-only storage

Step-by-Step Solution:

Registers are the smallest and fastest CPU storage locations.

Correct Option: (b)

Q90. Which register stores operands, variables, and intermediate results?

(a) General Purpose Register
(b) Program Counter
(c) Stack Pointer
(d) Instruction Register

Step-by-Step Solution:

GPRs such as R0–R3 hold operands and intermediate values.

Correct Option: (a)

Q91. The Accumulator primarily holds:

(a) Operands and results of ALU operations
(b) The next instruction address
(c) The top-of-stack address
(d) A file's permanent contents

Step-by-Step Solution:

ACC commonly stores ALU operands and results.

Correct Option: (a)

Q92. Which register contains the current instruction?

(a) PC
(b) IR
(c) MAR
(d) SP

Step-by-Step Solution:

IR means Instruction Register.

Correct Option: (b)

Q93. Which register contains the address of the memory location the CPU wants to read or write?

(a) MAR
(b) ACC
(c) IR
(d) FLAGS

Step-by-Step Solution:

MAR is the Memory Address Register.

Correct Option: (a)

Q94. Zero, Carry, Sign, Overflow, and Parity are normally held in:

(a) Status/FLAGS register
(b) Program Counter
(c) Stack Pointer
(d) Memory Address Register

Step-by-Step Solution:

The status register records CPU condition flags.

Correct Option: (a)

Q95. Which register points to the top of the stack?

(a) IR
(b) SP
(c) ACC
(d) PC

Step-by-Step Solution:

SP means Stack Pointer and supports function calls, interrupts, and local variables.

Correct Option: (b)

Q96. Which pairing is correct?

(a) PC—current instruction; IR—next address
(b) PC—next instruction address; IR—current instruction
(c) MAR—ALU result; ACC—memory address
(d) SP—status flags; FLAGS—top of stack

Step-by-Step Solution:

PC points ahead; IR holds what is currently being processed.

Correct Option: (b)

Q97. CPU registers are:

(a) Non-volatile and unlimited
(b) Volatile and limited in size and number
(c) Slower than magnetic tape
(d) Located only in secondary storage

Step-by-Step Solution:

Registers are tiny, fast, volatile CPU storage.

Correct Option: (b)

Q98. After the ALU executes an operation, the result may first be held in the:

(a) Accumulator
(b) Program Counter
(c) Keyboard buffer only
(d) Optical drive

Step-by-Step Solution:

The accumulator commonly holds arithmetic or logic results.

Correct Option: (a)

System bus

Q99. The bus that transfers the actual data is the:

(a) Address bus
(b) Data bus
(c) Control bus
(d) Power bus

Step-by-Step Solution:

The data bus carries the information being transferred.

Correct Option: (b)

Q100. The address bus answers which question?

(a) WHAT data?
(b) WHERE in memory?
(c) WHAT TO DO?
(d) WHO logged in?

Step-by-Step Solution:

The address bus specifies the memory location.

Correct Option: (b)

Q101. Read and Write signals are carried by the:

(a) Control bus
(b) Data bus
(c) Address bus
(d) Input unit

Step-by-Step Solution:

The control bus carries commands and timing/control signals.

Correct Option: (a)

Q102. Which bus is bidirectional according to the PPT?

(a) Data bus
(b) Address bus
(c) Control bus
(d) None

Step-by-Step Solution:

Data must travel to and from the CPU, so the data bus is bidirectional.

Correct Option: (a)

Q103. The address bus is normally:

(a) Bidirectional
(b) Unidirectional
(c) Wireless only
(d) A storage device

Step-by-Step Solution:

The CPU sends addresses outward to select a location.

Correct Option: (b)

Q104. During a memory write, the CPU places the destination location on the:

(a) Address bus
(b) Data bus only
(c) Output unit
(d) Instruction printer

Step-by-Step Solution:

The address bus selects where the data will be written.

Correct Option: (a)

Q105. During a memory write, the value being written travels over the:

(a) Data bus
(b) Address bus
(c) Control unit
(d) Program Counter

Step-by-Step Solution:

Actual data travels on the data bus.

Correct Option: (a)

Q106. What manages the flow of data into and out of main memory?

(a) Memory Controller
(b) Keyboard Controller only
(c) Printer spooler
(d) Optical head

Step-by-Step Solution:

The Memory Controller coordinates main-memory transfers.

Correct Option: (a)

Q107. Which shortcut is correct?

(a) Address = WHAT; Data = WHERE; Control = WHEN
(b) Address = WHERE; Data = WHAT; Control = WHAT TO DO
(c) Address = WHO; Data = WHY; Control = WHERE
(d) All buses have exactly the same purpose

Step-by-Step Solution:

This is the exam shortcut given in the master notes.

Correct Option: (b)

Q108. The data, address, and control buses together form the:

(a) System Bus
(b) Arithmetic Unit
(c) Cache hierarchy
(d) File system

Step-by-Step Solution:

The three buses collectively form the system bus.

Correct Option: (a)

Memory

Units & hierarchy

Q109. The smallest basic unit of data representation is the:

(a) Byte
(b) Bit
(c) Nibble
(d) Word

Step-by-Step Solution:

A bit is a binary digit, 0 or 1.

Correct Option: (b)

Q110. One byte equals:

(a) 2 bits
(b) 4 bits
(c) 8 bits
(d) 16 bits

Step-by-Step Solution:

1 Byte = 8 bits.

Correct Option: (c)

Q111. A nibble contains:

(a) 2 bits
(b) 4 bits
(c) 8 bits
(d) 1024 bits

Step-by-Step Solution:

A nibble is a 4-bit group.

Correct Option: (b)

Q112. One kilobyte is represented in the notes as:

(a) 100 Bytes
(b) 1000 Bytes
(c) 1024 Bytes
(d) 2048 Bytes

Step-by-Step Solution:

The notes use the binary convention: 1 KB = 1024 Bytes.

Correct Option: (c)

Q113. Which order is correct from smaller to larger?

(a) KB → Byte → MB → GB
(b) Byte → KB → MB → GB
(c) GB → MB → KB → Byte
(d) MB → Byte → GB → KB

Step-by-Step Solution:

Bytes scale to KB, MB, GB, and then TB.

Correct Option: (b)

Q114. Which unit comes immediately after terabyte in the listed sequence?

(a) Megabyte
(b) Petabyte
(c) Exabyte
(d) Zettabyte

Step-by-Step Solution:

1 PB = 1024 TB.

Correct Option: (b)

Q115. Which sequence orders memory from fastest to slowest?

(a) Registers → Cache → RAM → Secondary Storage
(b) Secondary Storage → RAM → Cache → Registers
(c) RAM → Registers → HDD → Cache
(d) Cache → Registers → Tape → RAM

Step-by-Step Solution:

Registers are fastest, followed by cache, main memory, and secondary storage.

Correct Option: (a)

Q116. As memory speed increases, cost per bit generally:

(a) Decreases
(b) Increases
(c) Becomes zero
(d) Never changes

Step-by-Step Solution:

Fast memory is expensive per bit.

Correct Option: (b)

Q117. Moving downward through the memory hierarchy, capacity generally:

(a) Decreases
(b) Increases
(c) Becomes zero
(d) Stays identical

Step-by-Step Solution:

Slower lower levels provide more capacity.

Correct Option: (b)

Q118. Which is the slowest item in this hierarchy?

(a) CPU registers
(b) Cache
(c) DRAM
(d) Magnetic tape

Step-by-Step Solution:

Magnetic tape is below magnetic and optical disks in the shown hierarchy.

Correct Option: (d)

Q119. Which item belongs to temporary storage?

(a) Physical RAM
(b) Hard drive
(c) ROM/BIOS
(d) Optical archive

Step-by-Step Solution:

RAM is volatile temporary storage.

Correct Option: (a)

Q120. Which item is permanent storage?

(a) CPU register
(b) Cache
(c) Hard drive
(d) DRAM

Step-by-Step Solution:

A hard drive retains data without power.

Correct Option: (c)

Cache, RAM & ROM

Q121. Cache memory is located logically between:

(a) CPU and main memory
(b) Keyboard and monitor
(c) SSD and printer
(d) Input and output only

Step-by-Step Solution:

Cache reduces the CPU's wait for slower main memory.

Correct Option: (a)

Q122. When required data is found in cache, it is called a:

(a) Cache miss
(b) Cache hit
(c) Page fault
(d) Bus error

Step-by-Step Solution:

A cache hit means the requested item is present.

Correct Option: (b)

Q123. When required data is not found in cache:

(a) The CPU accesses main memory
(b) The computer must shut down
(c) The ALU is removed
(d) The data is permanently lost

Step-by-Step Solution:

A cache miss requires access to slower main memory.

Correct Option: (a)

Q124. Which cache level is normally the smallest and fastest?

(a) L1
(b) L2
(c) L3
(d) L4 optical cache

Step-by-Step Solution:

L1 is closest to each CPU core and has the lowest latency.

Correct Option: (a)

Q125. Which cache level is commonly shared by multiple cores and is the largest of L1–L3?

(a) L1
(b) L2
(c) L3
(d) Register file

Step-by-Step Solution:

L3 is usually larger, slower than L1/L2, and shared.

Correct Option: (c)

Q126. The main benefit of cache memory is to:

(a) Reduce CPU idle or waiting time
(b) Make RAM non-volatile
(c) Replace all secondary storage
(d) Print output faster

Step-by-Step Solution:

Frequently used data near the CPU improves performance.

Correct Option: (a)

Q127. RAM stands for:

(a) Random Access Memory
(b) Read Access Module
(c) Rapid Arithmetic Memory
(d) Remote Active Memory

Step-by-Step Solution:

RAM is Random Access Memory.

Correct Option: (a)

Q128. RAM is primarily:

(a) Volatile working memory
(b) Permanent optical storage
(c) A mechanical drive
(d) A printer buffer only

Step-by-Step Solution:

RAM temporarily holds programs and data in use.

Correct Option: (a)

Q129. Which pair gives the two main RAM types?

(a) PROM and EPROM
(b) SRAM and DRAM
(c) HDD and SSD
(d) CD-R and CD-RW

Step-by-Step Solution:

RAM is classified into Static RAM and Dynamic RAM.

Correct Option: (b)

Q130. SRAM stores data using:

(a) Flip-flop circuits
(b) Magnetic platters
(c) Laser pits
(d) Paper tape

Step-by-Step Solution:

SRAM cells use flip-flop circuits.

Correct Option: (a)

Q131. Which statement describes SRAM?

(a) Requires periodic refresh
(b) Very fast and does not require periodic refresh
(c) Non-volatile magnetic storage
(d) Cheaper than DRAM

Step-by-Step Solution:

SRAM is fast and expensive and needs no refresh.

Correct Option: (b)

Q132. SRAM is used mainly for:

(a) CPU cache
(b) Blu-ray discs
(c) Long-term archives
(d) Paper tape

Step-by-Step Solution:

Its speed makes SRAM suitable for L1/L2/L3 cache.

Correct Option: (a)

Q133. DRAM stores each bit mainly using:

(a) A capacitor
(b) A magnetic platter
(c) A laser track
(d) A vacuum tube

Step-by-Step Solution:

DRAM cells are capacitor based and must be refreshed.

Correct Option: (a)

Q134. Which statement describes DRAM?

(a) No refresh required
(b) Used mainly as main memory
(c) Faster and costlier than SRAM
(d) Non-volatile

Step-by-Step Solution:

DRAM provides high-capacity, lower-cost main memory.

Correct Option: (b)

Q135. Why is DRAM used for 16 GB main memory instead of SRAM?

(a) DRAM offers higher capacity at lower cost per bit
(b) DRAM is non-volatile
(c) DRAM needs no refreshing
(d) SRAM cannot store binary data

Step-by-Step Solution:

Density and cost make DRAM practical for large main memory.

Correct Option: (a)

Q136. Which comparison is correct?

(a) SRAM is slower and cheaper
(b) DRAM is faster and never refreshed
(c) SRAM is faster; DRAM is cheaper
(d) Both are non-volatile

Step-by-Step Solution:

SRAM prioritises speed; DRAM prioritises density and cost.

Correct Option: (c)

Q137. Which type of DRAM is mentioned for graphics processors?

(a) GDDR
(b) EPROM
(c) PROM
(d) SRAM tape

Step-by-Step Solution:

GDDR DRAM is designed for GPU workloads.

Correct Option: (a)

Q138. Volatile memory:

(a) Retains data without power
(b) Loses contents when power is removed
(c) Can only be read
(d) Uses optical lasers

Step-by-Step Solution:

Volatile storage depends on continuous power.

Correct Option: (b)

Q139. Which is non-volatile?

(a) DRAM
(b) Cache
(c) SSD
(d) CPU register

Step-by-Step Solution:

SSDs retain information without power.

Correct Option: (c)

Q140. ROM stands for:

(a) Read-Only Memory
(b) Random Output Memory
(c) Rapid Optical Module
(d) Read Operating Machine

Step-by-Step Solution:

ROM is Read-Only Memory.

Correct Option: (a)

Q141. Firmware is:

(a) Software embedded in hardware for basic device functions
(b) A removable keyboard
(c) A mechanical disk platter
(d) A temporary browser file only

Step-by-Step Solution:

Firmware controls essential hardware behaviour and is stored non-volatilely.

Correct Option: (a)

Q142. Which ROM can be programmed once after manufacture?

(a) PROM
(b) EPROM
(c) EEPROM
(d) DRAM

Step-by-Step Solution:

PROM begins blank and is programmable once.

Correct Option: (a)

Q143. EPROM is erased using:

(a) UV light
(b) A magnetic head
(c) A printer
(d) Only a password

Step-by-Step Solution:

Ultraviolet light erases an EPROM chip.

Correct Option: (a)

Q144. EEPROM can be erased and reprogrammed:

(a) Electrically
(b) Only with UV light
(c) Only by replacing the chip
(d) Mechanically

Step-by-Step Solution:

EEPROM means Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM.

Correct Option: (a)

Q145. Flash memory differs from EEPROM mainly because it commonly erases and writes:

(a) In blocks
(b) One paper card at a time
(c) With magnetic heads
(d) Only once

Step-by-Step Solution:

Flash memory performs block-based erase/write operations.

Correct Option: (a)

Q146. Which statement about primary memory is correct?

(a) It communicates directly with the CPU
(b) It is always slower than tape
(c) It includes only HDD
(d) It can never contain ROM

Step-by-Step Solution:

Primary memory includes RAM and ROM and directly supports CPU operation.

Correct Option: (a)

Q147. Secondary memory normally:

(a) Is directly used as CPU registers
(b) Must have data loaded into main memory before CPU processing
(c) Loses all data immediately on power loss
(d) Has less capacity than registers

Step-by-Step Solution:

The CPU normally processes data after it has been brought into primary memory.

Correct Option: (b)

Q148. A boot loader stored in ROM is used to:

(a) Load the operating system into primary memory
(b) Erase the keyboard
(c) Increase monitor size
(d) Print files

Step-by-Step Solution:

Startup firmware begins the process of loading the OS.

Correct Option: (a)

Storage

HDD, SSD & flash

Q149. An HDD stores data using:

(a) Magnetic technology
(b) Vacuum tubes
(c) Only RAM cells
(d) Paper tape

Step-by-Step Solution:

HDD platters store binary data as magnetic patterns.

Correct Option: (a)

Q150. Which HDD component is the circular magnetic disk that stores data?

(a) Platter
(b) Actuator arm
(c) Controller board
(d) USB interface

Step-by-Step Solution:

Data is stored on rotating platters.

Correct Option: (a)

Q151. Which HDD component rotates the platters?

(a) Spindle
(b) Read/write head
(c) Actuator
(d) Cache

Step-by-Step Solution:

The spindle spins the platter stack.

Correct Option: (a)

Q152. The actuator arm in an HDD:

(a) Moves the read/write head across the platter
(b) Stores data permanently
(c) Connects to Wi-Fi
(d) Displays output

Step-by-Step Solution:

The arm positions the head above the required track.

Correct Option: (a)

Q153. Which component handles communication between the HDD and computer?

(a) Controller board
(b) Platter coating
(c) Spindle motor only
(d) Keyboard

Step-by-Step Solution:

The controller board manages drive operations and host communication.

Correct Option: (a)

Q154. When writing to an HDD, the head changes:

(a) Magnetic patterns on the platter
(b) The monitor pixels
(c) RAM into ROM
(d) The keyboard layout

Step-by-Step Solution:

Magnetic patterns represent binary 0s and 1s.

Correct Option: (a)

Q155. Which is an HDD advantage?

(a) Low cost per GB
(b) No moving parts
(c) Highest shock resistance
(d) Silent mechanical operation

Step-by-Step Solution:

HDDs offer economical high capacity.

Correct Option: (a)

Q156. Which is an HDD disadvantage?

(a) Mechanical parts and lower shock resistance
(b) No storage capacity
(c) Cannot store media
(d) Always costs more per GB than SSD

Step-by-Step Solution:

Moving parts make HDDs slower, noisier, and more vulnerable to shock.

Correct Option: (a)

Q157. SSD stands for:

(a) Solid-State Drive
(b) Secure Storage Disc
(c) System Speed Device
(d) Sequential Sector Drive

Step-by-Step Solution:

SSD means Solid-State Drive.

Correct Option: (a)

Q158. An SSD stores data primarily in:

(a) NAND flash memory
(b) Magnetic platters
(c) Vacuum tubes
(d) Paper cards

Step-by-Step Solution:

NAND flash stores data electronically.

Correct Option: (a)

Q159. Which SSD component manages reading, writing, error correction, and data organisation?

(a) Controller
(b) Spindle
(c) Actuator arm
(d) Laser head

Step-by-Step Solution:

The SSD controller manages internal flash operations.

Correct Option: (a)

Q160. A key physical difference between SSD and HDD is:

(a) SSD has no moving parts
(b) SSD uses spinning platters
(c) HDD has no moving parts
(d) HDD stores data in RAM

Step-by-Step Solution:

An SSD is fully electronic.

Correct Option: (a)

Q161. A SATA SSD is limited mainly by:

(a) The SATA interface
(b) A magnetic head
(c) A paper-tape reader
(d) Its lack of flash memory

Step-by-Step Solution:

SATA bandwidth limits maximum performance.

Correct Option: (a)

Q162. NVMe SSDs communicate using:

(a) PCIe and the NVMe protocol
(b) Only SATA and PATA
(c) A printer cable
(d) Magnetic tape

Step-by-Step Solution:

NVMe over PCIe provides high bandwidth and low latency.

Correct Option: (a)

Q163. Which storage is best for several TB of economical archived video?

(a) HDD
(b) CPU register
(c) L1 cache
(d) SRAM

Step-by-Step Solution:

HDD is well suited to high-capacity, low-cost archives.

Correct Option: (a)

Q164. Which storage is best for an operating system and frequently used applications requiring speed?

(a) SSD
(b) Magnetic tape
(c) Floppy disk
(d) CD-ROM

Step-by-Step Solution:

SSD offers much faster access and boot times.

Correct Option: (a)

Q165. Which comparison is correct?

(a) HDD—magnetic and mechanical; SSD—NAND and no moving parts
(b) HDD—NAND; SSD—magnetic
(c) Both require spinning platters
(d) Both are volatile

Step-by-Step Solution:

The technologies and physical designs are different.

Correct Option: (a)

Q166. Flash media is:

(a) Non-volatile electronic storage
(b) Volatile register storage
(c) A vacuum-tube device
(d) Always mechanical

Step-by-Step Solution:

Flash media retains data without power and has no moving parts.

Correct Option: (a)

Q167. SD stands for:

(a) Secure Digital
(b) System Drive
(c) Static Data
(d) Stored Disc

Step-by-Step Solution:

SD means Secure Digital.

Correct Option: (a)

Q168. microSD cards are commonly used in:

(a) Smartphones, drones, and action cameras
(b) Vacuum-tube computers only
(c) Mainframe cooling systems
(d) Dot-matrix ribbons

Step-by-Step Solution:

Their very small form makes them suitable for portable devices.

Correct Option: (a)

Q169. A USB flash drive connects through a:

(a) USB port
(b) PCIe slot only
(c) SATA platter
(d) Magnetic tape reel

Step-by-Step Solution:

USB drives use the USB interface.

Correct Option: (a)

Q170. Why should a USB flash drive not be the only backup of important information?

(a) It can be lost, damaged, or suffer controller/flash-cell failure
(b) It is always volatile
(c) It cannot store files
(d) It requires a spinning platter

Step-by-Step Solution:

Portable flash media can fail or be physically lost.

Correct Option: (a)

Q171. Which is a limitation of flash media?

(a) Limited program/erase cycles
(b) It always contains moving parts
(c) It cannot retain data
(d) It works only in supercomputers

Step-by-Step Solution:

Flash cells wear with repeated program/erase cycles.

Correct Option: (a)

Q172. Which device is now obsolete and commonly had a 1.44 MB capacity?

(a) 3.5-inch floppy disk
(b) NVMe SSD
(c) Blu-ray disc
(d) USB flash drive

Step-by-Step Solution:

The 3.5-inch floppy commonly held 1.44 MB.

Correct Option: (a)

Q173. A standard CD has a capacity of approximately:

(a) 700 MB
(b) 25 GB
(c) 1.44 MB
(d) 2 TB

Step-by-Step Solution:

The notes list up to 700 MB for a CD.

Correct Option: (a)

Q174. Which optical disc can be written once but not erased?

(a) CD-R
(b) CD-RW
(c) CD-ROM rewrite mode
(d) Blu-ray RAM only

Step-by-Step Solution:

CD-R is recordable once.

Correct Option: (a)

Q175. Which optical disc can be erased and rewritten?

(a) CD-RW
(b) CD-R
(c) CD-ROM
(d) Floppy disk

Step-by-Step Solution:

RW means rewritable.

Correct Option: (a)

Q176. A single-layer Blu-ray capacity mentioned in the PPT is:

(a) Up to 25 GB
(b) 700 MB
(c) 1.44 MB
(d) 128 KB

Step-by-Step Solution:

The PPT states up to 25 GB.

Correct Option: (a)

Q177. Blu-ray gets its name from:

(a) The blue-violet laser and optical ray
(b) A blue plastic case only
(c) Bluetooth transfer
(d) A company founder

Step-by-Step Solution:

Blu refers to the laser colour and ray to the optical beam.

Correct Option: (a)

Q178. Tracks on a hard disk are:

(a) Circular regions on a platter
(b) Files in RAM
(c) Wires in the data bus
(d) Printer lines

Step-by-Step Solution:

Platters are divided into circular tracks.

Correct Option: (a)

Linux

Basic commands

Q179. Which command displays the current working directory?

(a) pwd
(b) ls
(c) cd
(d) stat

Step-by-Step Solution:

pwd prints the current working directory.

Correct Option: (a)

Q180. Which command lists files and directories?

(a) ls
(b) pwd
(c) mkdir
(d) cat

Step-by-Step Solution:

ls lists directory contents.

Correct Option: (a)

Q181. Which command creates a new directory named college?

(a) mkdir college
(b) touch college
(c) cd college
(d) cat college

Step-by-Step Solution:

mkdir creates directories.

Correct Option: (a)

Q182. Which command changes into the college directory?

(a) cd college
(b) pwd college
(c) ls college
(d) stat college

Step-by-Step Solution:

cd changes the shell's current directory.

Correct Option: (a)

Q183. Which command creates an empty file named notes.txt?

(a) touch notes.txt
(b) mkdir notes.txt
(c) cat notes.txt
(d) pwd notes.txt

Step-by-Step Solution:

touch creates an empty file if it does not exist and updates timestamps otherwise.

Correct Option: (a)

Q184. Which command displays the contents of report.txt?

(a) cat report.txt
(b) mkdir report.txt
(c) pwd report.txt
(d) rmdir report.txt

Step-by-Step Solution:

cat outputs file contents.

Correct Option: (a)

Q185. Which command gives a detailed listing including permissions and ownership?

(a) ls -l
(b) ls -a only
(c) pwd -l
(d) cat -l

Step-by-Step Solution:

The -l option requests long listing format.

Correct Option: (a)

Q186. Which command views a long file one screen at a time?

(a) less
(b) touch
(c) mkdir
(d) whoami

Step-by-Step Solution:

less is a pager for navigating long text.

Correct Option: (a)

Q187. Which command locates the binary, source, and manual page for a command?

(a) whereis
(b) whatis
(c) who
(d) pwd

Step-by-Step Solution:

whereis searches standard locations for program-related files.

Correct Option: (a)

Q188. Which command displays a short one-line description of another command?

(a) whatis
(b) whereis
(c) whoami
(d) uptime

Step-by-Step Solution:

whatis reads short manual-page descriptions.

Correct Option: (a)

Q189. Which command opens a detailed command manual?

(a) man
(b) cat
(c) id
(d) exec

Step-by-Step Solution:

man shows the command's manual page, options, and usage.

Correct Option: (a)

Q190. The id command displays:

(a) UID, primary GID, and supplementary groups
(b) Only current time
(c) Only file size
(d) The current directory

Step-by-Step Solution:

id reports user and group identity information.

Correct Option: (a)

Q191. Which command shows all currently logged-in users?

(a) who
(b) whoami
(c) id
(d) pwd

Step-by-Step Solution:

who lists logged-in sessions.

Correct Option: (a)

Q192. Which command shows the username associated with the current shell?

(a) whoami
(b) who
(c) whereis
(d) stat

Step-by-Step Solution:

whoami prints the effective current username.

Correct Option: (a)

Q193. Which command runs another command with elevated privileges?

(a) sudo
(b) less
(c) touch
(d) whatis

Step-by-Step Solution:

sudo executes an authorised command with elevated privileges.

Correct Option: (a)

Q194. Which command reports how long the system has been running and its load?

(a) uptime
(b) stat
(c) pwd
(d) rmdir

Step-by-Step Solution:

uptime reports running time and load averages.

Correct Option: (a)

Q195. Which C function dynamically allocates memory at runtime?

(a) malloc()
(b) fork()
(c) wait()
(d) exec()

Step-by-Step Solution:

malloc allocates a requested block from the process heap.

Correct Option: (a)

Q196. Which system call creates a new child process?

(a) fork()
(b) exec()
(c) wait()
(d) sbrk()

Step-by-Step Solution:

fork creates a child process.

Correct Option: (a)

Q197. Which call replaces the current process program image with another program?

(a) exec()
(b) fork()
(c) wait()
(d) malloc()

Step-by-Step Solution:

exec loads another program into the current process.

Correct Option: (a)

Q198. Which call lets a parent wait for a child process?

(a) wait()
(b) exec()
(c) fork()
(d) touch()

Step-by-Step Solution:

wait suspends the parent until child state changes.

Correct Option: (a)

Q199. Which sequence matches the PPT?

(a) Parent fork() → Child exec() → Parent wait()
(b) Parent exec() → Child wait() → Parent fork()
(c) Child wait() → Parent mkdir → Child fork()
(d) malloc() → cat → stat

Step-by-Step Solution:

The parent creates a child, the child can execute another program, and the parent waits.

Correct Option: (a)

Q200. sbrk() is associated with:

(a) Changing the program break of a process heap
(b) Creating a directory
(c) Listing logged-in users
(d) Printing a file

Step-by-Step Solution:

sbrk changes the process data-segment boundary.

Correct Option: (a)

Provided command questions

Q201. A student creates an empty directory named oldfiles and wants to remove it from Linux. Which command should the student use?

(a) rm oldfiles
(b) rmdir oldfiles
(c) delete oldfiles
(d) remove oldfiles

Step-by-Step Solution:

rmdir removes an empty directory.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (b)

Q202. A user has a file named notes.txt and wants to create a copy of it named backup.txt in the same directory. Which command should be used?

(a) cp notes.txt backup.txt
(b) mv notes.txt backup.txt
(c) rmdir notes.txt backup.txt
(d) copy notes.txt backup.txt

Step-by-Step Solution:

cp creates the copy while keeping notes.txt.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (a)

Q203. A user wants to move a file named report.txt from the current directory to a directory named Documents. Which command should be used?

(a) cp report.txt Documents
(b) rmdir report.txt Documents
(c) mv report.txt Documents/
(d) move report.txt Documents/

Step-by-Step Solution:

mv transfers report.txt into Documents.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (c)

Q204. Rahul creates a directory named temp for temporary work. After completing his work, he checks that the directory is empty and wants to delete it.

Question: Write the Linux command to delete the temp directory.

(a) rmdir temp
(b) rm temp
(c) mv temp
(d) delete temp

Step-by-Step Solution:

The correct answer supplied is rmdir temp.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (a)

Q205. Priya has a file named notes.txt. She wants to create a backup copy named notes_backup.txt without deleting the original file.

Question: Write the Linux command to create the backup.

(a) cp notes.txt notes_backup.txt
(b) mv notes.txt notes_backup.txt
(c) touch notes_backup.txt notes.txt
(d) rmdir notes.txt notes_backup.txt

Step-by-Step Solution:

The correct answer supplied is cp notes.txt notes_backup.txt.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (a)

Q206. Aman has a file named report.txt in his current directory. He wants to move this file into a directory named Documents.

Question: Write the Linux command to move the file.

(a) mv report.txt Documents/
(b) cp report.txt Documents/
(c) rmdir report.txt Documents/
(d) move Documents/ report.txt

Step-by-Step Solution:

The correct answer supplied is mv report.txt Documents/.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (a)

Q207. A student is organizing his Linux workspace. He creates two empty directories, old_data and backup_data. After checking their contents, he decides that both directories are no longer required and wants to remove them using rmdir.

Question: Perform the steps to create both directories, verify that they are empty, and remove them.

(a) rmdir old_data backup_data
(b) rm old_data && backup_data
(c) mv old_data backup_data
(d) rmdir old_data/backup_data

Step-by-Step Solution:

rmdir can remove both empty directories in one command.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (a)

Q208. Aman creates a directory named project. Inside it, he creates another directory named empty_folder. He wants to remove only empty_folder while keeping the project directory.

Question: Create the directories, verify their structure, and remove only the empty subdirectory.

(a) rmdir project/empty_folder
(b) rmdir project
(c) rm project
(d) mv project/empty_folder

Step-by-Step Solution:

The nested path targets only empty_folder.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (a)

Q209. Priya has a file named marks.txt. She wants to create a directory named Backup and copy marks.txt into it without removing the original file.

Question: Create the file and directory, copy the file to Backup, and verify both copies.

(a) cp marks.txt Backup/
(b) mv marks.txt Backup/
(c) rmdir marks.txt Backup/
(d) touch marks.txt Backup/

Step-by-Step Solution:

cp preserves marks.txt and creates Backup/marks.txt.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (a)

Q210. Rahul has two files, report.txt and summary.txt. He creates a directory named Documents and wants to copy both files into this directory while keeping the original files in their current location.

Question: Perform the complete operation using a single cp command.

(a) cp report.txt summary.txt Documents/
(b) mv report.txt summary.txt Documents/
(c) cp Documents/ report.txt summary.txt
(d) cp report.txt Documents/ && summary.txt

Step-by-Step Solution:

Multiple source files can precede one destination directory.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (a)

Q211. Aman has three files: report.txt, notes.txt, and data.txt. He creates a directory named Project and wants to move report.txt and data.txt into it, while keeping notes.txt in the current directory.

Question: Perform the operation using a single mv command.

(a) mv report.txt data.txt Project/
(b) mv report.txt notes.txt data.txt Project/
(c) cp report.txt data.txt Project/
(d) mv Project/ report.txt data.txt

Step-by-Step Solution:

Only report.txt and data.txt are listed as sources.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (a)

Q212. A student has a file named assignment.txt inside a directory called Downloads. He creates a directory named Submitted in his home directory. After completing the assignment, he wants to move the file from Downloads to Submitted.

Question: Perform the complete operation and verify that the file has been moved successfully.

(a) mv Downloads/assignment.txt Submitted/
(b) cp Submitted/ Downloads/assignment.txt
(c) mv Submitted/assignment.txt Downloads/
(d) rmdir Downloads/assignment.txt Submitted/

Step-by-Step Solution:

mv uses the current source path and the Submitted destination.

This question was supplied directly in the original question set.

Correct Option: (a)

Practical programs

Q213. In Program 1, which command creates the Student_Data directory?

(a) mkdir Student_Data
(b) touch Student_Data
(c) cd Student_Data
(d) stat Student_Data

Step-by-Step Solution:

mkdir Student_Data creates the requested directory.

Correct Option: (a)

Q214. In Program 1, which command writes the first line and replaces any existing file content?

(a) echo "Name: Rahul" > student.txt
(b) echo "Name: Rahul" >> student.txt
(c) cat "Name: Rahul" student.txt
(d) touch "Name: Rahul"

Step-by-Step Solution:

A single > redirects output and overwrites the target.

Correct Option: (a)

Q215. In Program 1, which command appends the roll number without deleting the name?

(a) echo "Roll No: 101" >> student.txt
(b) echo "Roll No: 101" > student.txt
(c) rm "Roll No: 101"
(d) stat "Roll No: 101"

Step-by-Step Solution:

The >> operator appends.

Correct Option: (a)

Q216. Which command displays file size, permissions, owner, and timestamps for student.txt?

(a) stat student.txt
(b) cat student.txt
(c) pwd student.txt
(d) mkdir student.txt

Step-by-Step Solution:

stat displays detailed file metadata.

Correct Option: (a)

Q217. In Program 2, which complete start correctly creates and enters the project directory?

(a) mkdir Linux_Project followed by cd Linux_Project
(b) touch Linux_Project followed by cat Linux_Project
(c) rmdir Linux_Project followed by pwd
(d) stat Linux_Project followed by rm

Step-by-Step Solution:

First create the directory, then change into it.

Correct Option: (a)

Q218. In Program 2, which file is created inside Linux_Project?

(a) project.txt
(b) student.txt
(c) assignment.txt
(d) employee.txt

Step-by-Step Solution:

The supplied project program creates project.txt.

Correct Option: (a)

Q219. What does the redirection operator > do in echo "Project Name: Linux Commands" > project.txt?

(a) Writes the line and overwrites existing content
(b) Appends without replacing
(c) Creates a directory
(d) Displays file metadata

Step-by-Step Solution:

writes standard output to the file, replacing its old content.

Correct Option: (a)

Q220. What does the operator >> do?

(a) Appends output to the end of a file
(b) Deletes the file
(c) Changes directory
(d) Lists permissions

Step-by-Step Solution:

Double redirection appends rather than overwriting.

Correct Option: (a)

Q221. In Program 3, which directory is created?

(a) Assignments
(b) Company
(c) Notes
(d) Documents

Step-by-Step Solution:

The teacher's assignment program uses Assignments.

Correct Option: (a)

Q222. Which command adds the submission date to assignment.txt without removing earlier lines?

(a) echo "Submission Date: 10 September" >> assignment.txt
(b) echo "Submission Date: 10 September" > assignment.txt
(c) rmdir assignment.txt
(d) stat "Submission Date"

Step-by-Step Solution:

The final line is appended using >>.

Correct Option: (a)

Q223. In Program 4, which command creates the employee file?

(a) touch employee.txt
(b) mkdir employee.txt
(c) cat employee.txt
(d) rmdir employee.txt

Step-by-Step Solution:

touch creates the empty employee.txt file.

Correct Option: (a)

Q224. Which sequence correctly completes Program 4 after entering Company?

(a) touch employee.txt → echo details → cat employee.txt → stat employee.txt
(b) rmdir employee.txt → pwd → mkdir employee.txt
(c) cat employee.txt → delete Company → stat
(d) stat employee.txt → mv Company → rm

Step-by-Step Solution:

Create the file, add details, display them, then inspect metadata.

Correct Option: (a)

Q225. In Program 5, what is the filename?

(a) linux_notes.txt
(b) student.txt
(c) project.txt
(d) report.txt

Step-by-Step Solution:

The Notes program creates linux_notes.txt.

Correct Option: (a)

Q226. Which command displays all three lines written to linux_notes.txt?

(a) cat linux_notes.txt
(b) stat linux_notes.txt
(c) pwd linux_notes.txt
(d) mkdir linux_notes.txt

Step-by-Step Solution:

cat prints the file contents.

Correct Option: (a)

Q227. Which command creates both Downloads and Submitted while safely creating missing parent directories?

(a) mkdir -p Downloads Submitted
(b) touch -p Downloads Submitted
(c) rmdir -p Downloads Submitted
(d) ls -p Downloads Submitted

Step-by-Step Solution:

mkdir -p creates named directories and any required parents without error if they already exist.

Correct Option: (a)

Q228. After mv report.txt Documents/, which command verifies that the file is now inside Documents?

(a) ls Documents/
(b) pwd Documents/
(c) rmdir Documents/
(d) whereis report.txt

Step-by-Step Solution:

Listing the destination confirms report.txt is present.

Correct Option: (a)

Q229. Which command copies two files into one directory in a single operation?

(a) cp report.txt summary.txt Documents/
(b) cp report.txt Documents/ summary.txt
(c) mv Documents/ report.txt summary.txt
(d) touch report.txt summary.txt Documents/

Step-by-Step Solution:

With multiple sources, the final argument must be a destination directory.

Correct Option: (a)

Q230. Which statement correctly distinguishes cp and mv?

(a) cp keeps the original; mv relocates or renames it
(b) mv always keeps the original
(c) cp only creates directories
(d) Both can remove only empty directories

Step-by-Step Solution:

Copying duplicates data, whereas moving changes its location or name.

Correct Option: (a)

Q231. What happens if rmdir is used on a non-empty directory without special handling?

(a) It normally fails
(b) It deletes all contents automatically
(c) It copies the directory
(d) It displays the directory

Step-by-Step Solution:

rmdir is intended for empty directories.

Correct Option: (a)

Q232. Which command renames report.txt to final.txt in the same directory?

(a) mv report.txt final.txt
(b) cp report.txt final.txt
(c) rmdir report.txt final.txt
(d) cat report.txt final.txt

Step-by-Step Solution:

mv can rename a file when source and destination are in the same directory.

Correct Option: (a)

GCC & automation

Q233. Which command commonly compiles hello.c into the default executable a.out?

(a) gcc hello.c
(b) cat hello.c
(c) make hello.c.txt
(d) touch hello.c

Step-by-Step Solution:

gcc hello.c compiles and links the source using the default output name.

Correct Option: (a)

Q234. Which command compiles hello.c and names the executable hello?

(a) gcc hello.c -o hello
(b) gcc -run hello.c
(c) cat hello.c > hello
(d) make -p hello.c

Step-by-Step Solution:

The -o option specifies the output filename.

Correct Option: (a)

Q235. How is an executable named hello normally run from the current directory?

(a) ./hello
(b) cat hello
(c) cd hello
(d) gcc ./hello

Step-by-Step Solution:

./ explicitly refers to the current directory.

Correct Option: (a)

Q236. A Makefile is primarily used to:

(a) Automate build steps and rebuild required targets
(b) Store image files
(c) Replace the operating system
(d) Display only the current directory

Step-by-Step Solution:

make reads dependencies and commands from a Makefile.

Correct Option: (a)

Q237. Which command runs the default target in a Makefile?

(a) make
(b) gcc -make
(c) cat Makefile
(d) exec Makefile

Step-by-Step Solution:

make evaluates the first/default target.

Correct Option: (a)

Q238. Which command can update a file's access and modification timestamps?

(a) touch
(b) cat
(c) less
(d) who

Step-by-Step Solution:

touch updates timestamps and creates the file if absent.

Correct Option: (a)

Q239. During compilation, source code is translated into:

(a) Machine-executable form through compilation and linking
(b) A directory name only
(c) A user account
(d) A printer queue

Step-by-Step Solution:

GCC turns C source into object code and links an executable.

Correct Option: (a)

Q240. Which is the correct compile-then-run sequence for program.c?

(a) gcc program.c -o program followed by ./program
(b) cat program.c followed by rmdir program
(c) mkdir program.c followed by cd program.c
(d) who program.c followed by stat gcc

Step-by-Step Solution:

First compile with gcc, then execute the produced binary.

Correct Option: (a)